Educational Psychology Essay

REFLECTION ESSAY ON LEARNING EXPERIENCES for Educational Psychology Cecille Ann C. Pilapil, MS, MA, CIOP Name of Student: KO, KATHERINE Y. Section: 2PSY4 | | |I really want to be a teacher. Children are my passion and it has always been my biggest dream to help them, to impart my knowledge to them, | |and to be able to understand and relate to them. In this world that rapidly changes and grows, the role of a teacher proves very essential in | |every child’s process of learning. | | | |In the past, I admit that I used to take the â€Å"easy way out† in studying; I relied immensely on rote memorization to pass my subjects. I would | |spend hours and hours just memorizing different terms and concepts, without truly understanding what this or that means. It was not that I | |didn’t care about the courses I took, but only because I wanted to have high grades and I thought that just memorizing everything would make | |it easier, but soon came to understand that it simply did not. When it came to practical situations, I had a rather difficult time applying | |myself. I didn’t know how to put words into action, and I became quite anxious because if I wanted to be successful in the future, I had to | |learn how to adapt. If I wanted to be a teacher, first, I had to appreciate the process of learning and understanding. | | | |What I really loved about my Educ Psych class is that I was able to learn a lot through doing the things I enjoy, like watching films to help | |better understand different concepts, engaging in group discussions, interacting with my classmates, and just laughing and having fun with | |each other. As a class, we were taught the value of team work; we function as a single unit. This really brought me and my classmates closer | |to one another. Educ Psych had really helped us see why it is so important for us to know each other and why we should support and respect one| |another; all of these are necessary to achieve integrity. Our motto was â€Å"Do what you say, say what you do,† and this has helped us in so many | |ways, not only in school but also at home, and in our relationships with others. | | |This subject did not only give me insight on what it would be like to be a teacher, but I was also able to take a good glimpse on how much a | |teacher can change students’ lives, simply by listening to them, by encouraging them, by investing not only academic learning time but also | |quality time with them, and simply, by being their friend and caring for them. | | |Another important lesson for me is that being a good student is not at all about looking good in f ront of your professors and classmates, or | |receiving high grades. What really defines a good student is how she is able to value the knowledge she obtains inside the classroom and | |applies all those lessons learned in real life. This class has helped me mature in so many ways – in relating with my classmates, in relating | |with my professors, and in relating with myself. This class had pried open my mind and helped me learn how to combine my knowledge with | |action. | Educational Psychology Essay QUESTION 1 Education most definitely plays a key role in building the future of our nation but many learners are still lacking the fundamentals of a basic quality education. The South African Constitution Act was passed in 1996 and came into operation on 4 February 1997 [26] (Duma, 1995). Chapter 2 of this Act contains the Bill of Rights in which the State guarantees the protection of individual’s fundamental rights (Duma, 1995). Section 29 talks about the right to Education (Duma, 1995). This section recognizes that every person has a right to basic education and to equal access to educational institutions (Duma, 1995).It is clearly evident though that this has not taken place because black learners, especially in the rural areas are not receiving the necessary quality education that they are entitled to. Many schools in the rural areas still lack basic facilities such as running water, toilets, desks and electricity (Seroto, 2004). To worsen the situation some schools are bu ilt only of mud (Finnemore, 2009). Many township schools are in a serious state of dilapidation, partly due to theft of infrastructure and other forms of vandalism (Seroto, 2004).The shortage of classrooms, equipment and other teaching resources is evident in many schools today (Finnemore, 2009). Poor school management practices and dysfunctional teacher evaluation are contributory factors (Finnemore, 2009). The poor state of our school buildings and facilities is reflective of the current budgetary crisis (Tedla, 1995). This lack of access to resources and materials by children in the rural areas leads to inequalities within our education system. Children in urban areas and white schools have access to a better quality education than children in the rural black areas. Read also Memory – ForgettingThese inequalities today may be as a result of the Bantu education system. There has been inequality of access to education between the white and black schools in the past, and the evidence is brought forth when the political instability led to the disruptions of schools and centres for political indoctrination, leading to strikes and class boycotts, with the aim of demanding a change in the Black institutions of learning (Sedibe, 2011). According to teachers in Kwa-Mashu schools the core of all the problems facing schools today was the whole system of Bantu Education (Sedibe, 2011).This implies that what is presently happening in schools today is the result of years of oppressive education (Sedibe, 2011). Due to inadequate and unequal access of resources these schools in rural areas cannot function effectively (Sedibe, 2011). It is therefore the responsibility of the Department of Education to supply adequate resources and make them available to a ll schools equally, in order to enhance a culture of teaching and learning within schools (Sedibe, 2011). This is a very important issue that needs to be taken seriously if we are talking about investing in the future of our children.This means that rural areas need much more support from government than urban areas do in terms of education. They need to be allocated a fair share of the budget that will help remedy the bad conditions they are faced with. This can be achieved by providing them with all the necessary learning resources they need, which in turn will enable them to adequately equip themselves and thus guarantee them a bright future. Another issue that arises in our schools today is having teachers who are either unqualified or under-qualified.This was as a result of the closure of most mission schools and teacher training facilities in 1953 which forced all teacher training into racially separated government training colleges, geared to extending the mass base of Bantu Education (Douglas, 2005). Since other professions were closed to them on racial or economic grounds, many people of colour became teachers by default (Douglas, 2005). As a result, under-qualified, unqualified and even un-matriculated teachers were employed (Douglas, 2005).Training centres for our teachers today are a necessity if we desire to see pupils succeeding and achieving their goals. Teachers need to be equipped with the relevant skills and knowledge to carry out their roles appropriately and confidently. Government’s budget for education needs to set aside funds that will invest in training centres for teachers thus investing in the future and success of our learners, and in turn leading to a healthy, stable and developing nation. Another matter that arises is that of the apartheid system.During the apartheid era black people were discriminated against and this was clearly evident in the area of education. The implementation of Bantu education ensured that the level of education provided to Africans could be differentiated, with a small urban population obtaining education beyond the primary level, while the majority of the African migrant labour force received only minimal primary education (Mabokela, 2000). Still focusing on the apartheid era, systems and laws were put in place that made sure that black people were excluded from certain opportunities and benefits.For example, apprenticeship training programs designed for development of skills at workplaces were also for many years reserved solely for white persons (Finnemore, 2009). Overcoming the long shadow of apartheid education is proving a major hurdle to the development of our nation. In terms of government’s budget for education, has there been a failure to equally allocate resources? Government needs to revisit this budget to make sure that it is being fairly and equally distributed, so that every learner can have the opportunity to benefit from it.Government’s spending on education has declined over the years (Tedla, 1995). Although many students are found in primary schools, and although this level of education is less expensive than secondary or tertiary levels, the financial support for it has steadily decreased (Tedla, 1995). Formerly White education was financed at 185 percent of the national average whereas the education departments of the former non-independent homelands were funded at 74 percent of the national average and the former ‘independent’ homelands at 67 percent (Seroto, 2004).This clearly shows funding disparities with regard to the provision of education for White learners and for Black learners perpetuated by the former apartheid government (Seroto, 2004). This apartheid system has had an effect on our education system today. The South African budget also suffers from the effects of apartheid. The economy is still reeling from the economic downfalls of apartheid and there is a major problem in maintaining current l evels of spending with the solution being unclear (Education in South Africa, 2005).All the factors discussed above play a critical role in the development of our education system today and unless we make a conscious decision to take the necessary steps to amend these problems, the future of our children cannot be guaranteed. QUESTION 2 In the article provided it is very clear that the conditions for learning are not conducive at all for the students to learn. These conditions instead can lead to the demotivation and discouragement of the students.Some of the negative learning conditions they are exposed to are: a tremendous shortage of learning facilities, resources and materials like desks, chairs, picture books and workbooks. The classroom floors are described by the teacher as a dirt road. This is definitely detrimental to the health and well-being of the learners. The classroom walls are described as raw and bare. We know that children need a stimulating and motivating environm ent to grow and without things like paintings, drawings and pictures on the walls it becomes very difficult for them to develop.All these conditions that have been described above stand as a barrier to the ability of students to learn. These conditions could lead to the students’ failure to learn anything, not because they are incapable or incompetent but because of the poor and bad learning conditions they have been exposed to, leading to their failure to cope. For these students who attend school in these conditions, little can be learned, surely, on a day under a leaky roof or with no roof at all (Tedla, 1995). These problems can and do discourage pupil attendance (Tedla, 1995).The Role of the Psychologist The role of the psychologist in such a context would be, first and foremost to understand the nature of each child within this context so that they may be able to assist them. For example, different children will behave and react differently to different situations. Some children may be resilient to such conditions and view them as opportunities to learn, instead of viewing them as barriers to learning. In such circumstances these children would do whatever it takes to work hard and achieve their goals no matter the circumstances.Other children might end up discouraged, demotivated, depressed, frustrated, stressed and unhappy. It would be the responsibility of the psychologist to find out about the nature of each child by conducting assessments. Assessment of children requires special adaptation of assessment procedures and particular interview techniques (Holford et al. , 2001). These assessments could include one-on-one sessions with the child. In addition to interviewing children, using developmentally appropriate language, drawing techniques and imaginative play can elicit valuable nformation (Holford et al. , 2001). This could also include observing each child within the classroom setting and seeing how they respond and react within that class room environment. For any comprehensive assessment of a child, direct observation of activity level, motor skills, verbal expression, and vocabulary are also essential (Holford et al. , 2001). Any kind of assessment used by the psychologist should not be complex but rather simplified so that learners are able to understand.Questions must be simple and appropriate for the child’s developmental level (Holford et al. , 2001). This in turn will ensure that there is communication between the learner and the psychologist. It will also help to ensure that learners benefit from these sessions. It is also very important that the psychologist understands how the child views the circumstances in his or her environment. Therefore the primary goal of the interviewing technique is to gain the child’s own perspective (Holford et al. , 2001).Teachers can also collaborate with the psychologists to help the learners. This is what is referred to as unified collaboration. It can often be useful for the psychologist to speak to the child’s teacher(s) as their reports can give valuable supplementary information (Holford et al. , 2001). A standard questionnaire could be given to the teacher to provide information about the child’s learning skills, ability to cope in a group situation, peer relationships, and relationships with adults in authority (Holford et al. , 2001). Possible Interventions by the PsychologistA key component of Bronfenbrenner’s model (the ecological systems theory) is the understanding that children are also active participants in their own development, and the environment therefore does not simply impact on the child (Swart & Pettipher, 2005). Children’s perceptions of their context are central to understanding how they interact with their environments (Swart & Pettipher, 2005). The way they perceive their circumstances influences the way they respond to their human and physical contexts (Swart & Pettipher, 2005).The mic rosystem refers to the activities or interactions in the child’s immediate surroundings (Swart & Pettipher, 2005). The mesosystem refers to connections or interrelationships among microsystems of homes, schools, and peer groups (Swart & Pettipher,). The psychologist could use both the microsystem and mesosystem in coming up with different kinds of interventions. For example, the psychologist could include systemic interventions with parents, teachers or the school itself (Landsberg, 2011).A systemic intervention with parents would involve finding out more about the child in the home environment, how the child interacts with them as parents, how the child interacts with his or her peers and any other difficulties or problems the child may be experiencing at home. Another intervention could involve parent and teacher workshops (Landsberg, 2011). Parents and teachers could come together to discuss the progress of the children, the problems they are experiencing at home and at sc hool and how parents can support teachers and vice versa, in assisting the children to overcome any obstacles or barriers they may be facing.They could also assist the children in making their learning experience a more pleasurable and successful one. The school itself can also be involved in this intervention, by, for example, designing programs and projects (Landsberg, 2011). This could help students in developing their capacity to learn and work together in groups, as well as developing their communication skills within groups. It could also teach them how to love and support one another in such an environment.These interventions used by psychologists should not only focus on the children’s weaknesses but should also focus on their strengths that can be used to compensate for their areas of weakness (Landsberg, 2011). These interventions should provide the learners with immediate benefits that can be realized, including the identification of social or emotional difficultie s, considerations and coping strategies to enhance learning and methods for increasing motivation and interest in affected areas as required (Landsberg, 2011). QUESTION3In this article, owning a toy is a dream rather than a reality for these children. They desire to have toys but because their parents are unemployed and the school cannot afford to provide them with these toys this is not a reality for them. Having toys should not be seen as a luxury but rather as a necessity for children of this age to grow and develop appropriately. They desire to have desks, chairs, picture books and many more resources. For them without these basic resources they feel they will not be able to realize their goals.They also desire playgrounds, see-saws, pencils, toys and most importantly food. These desires are the kind that any child of school going age would have. Food is one of the very important and basic necessities for anyone to survive, no matter the age. If these children cannot even afford to get a decent meal it becomes very difficult for them to learn anything at school. They also desire water and toilets, which once again are basic necessities of life that one cannot live without. It is a sad fact that at this young age, these children have been denied the opportunity to the basic necessities of life.Pupils dream of computers but they are yet to see one. In this fast-paced technological and global environment, every child should be exposed to a computer and given the basic skills of how to operate one. These children need to be given the opportunity to realize their goals and aspirations in life. At their young age it is difficult to expect them to understand what is going on. Therefore teachers, the government, the education department and parents all have a big role to play in the lives of these children in order to make sure that they realize and achieve their dreams.Material conditions definitely need to be improved to enhance the learning of these children bu t they also need a strong support system from both parents and teachers to help them through their learning experience. One needs to get into the child’s world and see things from their perspective (Holford et al. , 2001). In this way they will be able to understand the children and what they are experiencing and thus be able to assist them. It is the responsibility of government to improve the conditions of these impoverished schools so that children can be able to learn and be productive in their learning experience.They also need to provide more learning resources for the children so that they can enhance their ability to learn. Basic facilities such as running water, toilets, desks, chairs and electricity should be made available and easily accessible for these children. Parents within these communities also need assistance in finding employment or loans to start small businesses so that they too can be able to support their children and contribute to the schools they att end. The risk of children falling sick because they do not have access to clean and healthy water must be reduced.This problem stands as a barrier to achieving their goals and dreams. It is the responsibility of our society, government, parents and teachers to work together in making sure that children overcome these barriers to learning by adequately equipping them in every possible way to realize their goals. All these factors that have been mentioned greatly contribute to the emancipation of these children and unless we all work together to see that these children are emancipated, their future cannot be secured. QUESTION 4A detailed ideal education system within a multidisciplinary context that can improve the educational outcomes of children of school going age would be one that firstly: offers quality education for all learners. This means that all learners should have equal access to adequate facilities and resources (for example, clean running water, toilets, desks, chairs an d electricity) within their school environment regardless of their race (whether they are black or white), regardless of where they live (in the rural or urban areas) and regardless of whether they are disabled or disadvantaged.Secondly, this system should accommodate the different learning styles of different learners within schools. Some learners may need visual material to support them in their learning experience; some learners may need learning material to be broken up into smaller amounts; other learners may want to see the whole picture before the material is broken up; some learners may prefer studying with background music; others may prefer studying in a quiet place (Swart & Pettipher, 2005 ). This system should make provision for all these different learning styles of learners.This system also needs to move away from the apartheid system that accommodated English more than anything. Schools now need to embrace the diversity of cultures and languages within our society by finding a way to accommodate each and every learner, no matter their background or culture. At the same time they need to help learners realize the continued importance of developing their English language skills. This can be done through the use of appropriate reading materials, writing skills and appropriate teaching methodology. Thirdly, this system should be one that accommodates the diversity of learners within our society and community.In this case, teachers need to be given more time to plan their teaching activities to include a diversity of learners (Landsberg, 2011). Not only do teachers need to be given more time to plan their teaching activities but they also need helpers or additional teacher assistants (also called classroom assistants) who can support them in teaching a diversity of learners as well as support from specialized people for advice and guidance (Landsberg, 2011). Teachers also need administrative support as well as adequate learning support materials and assistive devices appropriate for the needs of learners with disabilities (Landsberg, 2011).This system can only be successful in improving the educational outcomes of children of school going age if teachers are given all the support they need to deal with the different kinds of learners within the different schools. Government also needs to invest in teachers by sending them to training centers that will adequately equip them with the required skills and knowledge necessary for them to cope in their diverse school environments. REFERENCE LIST Douglas, J. (2005). Transformation of the South African schooling system. Teacher Professionalism and Education Transformation.Braamfontein: The Centre for Education Policy Development. Duma, M. (1995). Community Involvement in Rural schools in Pietermaritzburg Area. (Masters’ Thesis, University of South Africa. ). Education in South Africa. Retrieved October 19, 2005 from www. southafrica. info/ess_info/saglance. education/education. htm Erasmus, BJ, Loedolff, PvZ, Mda, T & Nel, PS. (2009). Managing training and development in South Africa (5th ed. ). Cape Town: Oxford. Finnermore, M. (2009). Introduction to Labour Relations in South Africa (10th ed. ). Durban: Butterworths. Holford, L. Ziervogel, C. & Smith C. (2001). Child and adolescent psychiatry. In B. Robertson, C. Allwood, C. A. Cagiano. (Eds). Textbook of Psychiatry for Southern Africa (1st ed) Cape Town: Oxford University Press. (pp. 282 – 321). Landsberg, E. (2011). (Ed. ). Addressing Barriers to Learning: A South African Perspective. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers. (pp. 69-85). Mabokela, R. O. (2000). Voices of conflict: Desegregating South African universities. New York, Routledge Falmer. Sedibe, M. (2011). Inequality of Access to Resources in Previously Disadvantaged South African High Schools.The Journal of Social Science, 28(2), 129-135. Seroto, J. (2004). The impact of South African Legislation (1948 – 2004) on Black Education in R ural Areas: A Historical Educational Perspective. (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa. ). Swart, E. , & Pettipher, R. (2005). A framework for understanding inclusion. In E. Landsberg, D. Kruger & N. Nel (Eds). Addressing barriers to learning: A South African perspective. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers. (pp. 3-23). Tedla, E. (1995). Sankofa: African thought and education. New York, NY: Peter Lang.

Biology dna

Scope of task Students will be required to complete a Research Report in the form of a Powering presentation OR a weapon. This Task will require students to conduct individual research on a topic relating to genetic engineering. The Report will be the equivalent of 1500 words* and will include a bibliography. The bibliography will not be included in the word count. Students are not required to conduct a class presentation. *1 500 words is the maximum recommended length for this Report.The number of slides in a Powering presentation or weapon will be determined by the creativity f the student and the number of images they wish to include. The Research Report is worth 20% of the final student mark. Students will choose from the following list: Research area Suggested Topics Pre-natal diagnosis of genetic disease. * Cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, thalami's. Pre-symptomatic diagnosis of adult-onset genetic disease. Huntington Disease, breast cancer, bowel cancer.Production of human protein s. Insulin, Human Growth Hormone. Genetically-modified crop plants. Soya, Tomatoes, Golden Rice, BAT Cotton. Gene therapy. Cystic fibrosis, Severe Combined Immune Deficiency Syndrome. DNA profiling. For paternity testing, for breeding of captive endangered species, in forensics. Genetically modified organisms. Hypoallergenic cats, Environ TM – pigs, Estrangement Atlantic salmon Stem Cell Research. Type 1 diabetes, Nervous system diseases, Cancer, Primary immunodeficiency disease Cloning.Therapeutic cloning (type 1 diabetes), Reproductive cloning (e. G. Production of Dolly the sheep by nuclear transfer). *N.B.: any student who chose pre-natal diagnosis for their research topic for Biology Unit 1 should not be permitted to choose this topic for this Unit. The report will: introduce the scope of the topic describe the method used in the technology by the scientists in the laboratory include relevant diagrams discuss a social issue arising from the use of the technology include a bibliography of references used.This research project must be structured under the following headings: Introduction Background Genetics Genetic techniques Social issues Bibliography How Task is Approached Task is first introduced as early as possible during Week One and students are given a deadline (as stated in the teaching plan) to get the topic approved by the Teacher. Follow these steps: First, select a topic of interest that falls under one of the research areas given in the table above. Then, proceed to carry out a literature / library research on that topic and collect research articles related to that topic.Make sure your articles have the necessary information to write the introduction, history or background, method and social issues as described in the rubric. Confirmation of the topic is on a first come – first served basis whereby the teacher will approve the topic once the students meet the criteria above. Every student will have his/her own topic; no two stude nts are allowed to write the same topic from that class. Once your topic is approved by the Teacher, make sure you register your topic with your Teacher. You are then given 4 weeks to submit your slides – refer to the deadline given in the teaching plan.You are encouraged to submit drafts of your work. For a guide, refer to the samples of past research reports. Always refer to the assessment rubric attached to ensure that you are on the right track. The Knowledge, Skills and Behaviors outcomes achieved at the end of this task are dependent on the topic chosen. Below are some of the outcomes you should achieve. Unit Knowledge Outcomes At the end of this Unit students will be able to: 1 . Report on a specific area of interest within the field of genetic engineering 2. Apply their knowledge to new situations Unit Skills and Behaviors Outcomes 1 . Accurately use and apply biological terms in their appropriate context 2. Calculate ratios, proportions and probabilities as relevant to the study of Biology 3. Draw graphs using appropriate conventions 4. Appraise a range of different resources as part of the research process 5. Differentiate between useful and distractive information both in assessment tasks ND from the internet 6. Design and create a presentation report using appropriate software and IT facilities 7. Discriminate between and review differing points of view that exist relating to advances in biotechnology 8. Valuate experimental designs 9. Demonstrate written communication skills via practical reports and research reports How the task covers literacy, innumeracy, CIT and thinking skills Literacy Students will: organize and coherently present information in a report convert information gained through research into their own words relate a social sue in an objective fashion (using scientific expression) Compile a bibliography using a standard format. CIT use the internet as a research tool appraise internet sources for their relevance and validity use Powering to compose a report OR create a weapon.Thinking Skills summarize the main steps involved in an example of genetic engineering Appraise differing points of view that exist about a relevant social issue. How the task covers the MUFF Graduate Attributes Personal and social growth attributes survey a sample of individuals from various backgrounds to establish the different mints of view that exist regarding an example of genetic engineering critically evaluate research material and select relevant content apply an ethical approach to reporting the views of others.Lifelong learning attributes develop flexibility in thinking and learning through appraisal and subsequent summary of research material conduct an individual research activity write a report that summarizes material gained through their own research develop their ability to work independently organize knowledge gained on an example of genetic engineering use software to compose a research report SE the internet to conduct research develop the ability to draft and finalist a report. mints of view that exist regarding an example of genetic engineering. Suggested approaches Students will select a topic from a short list provided by the teacher. Students will â€Å"sign off' on their topic four (4) weeks prior to final submission date. An outline of the final report structure will be provided to students as a guide. Students may submit drafts of their work. Class time may be used for research and compilation of findings but it is expected that most of the required work will be completed outside of scheduled lessons/ structures.Ways of meeting approaches The Task should be introduced to students as early as possible, preferably during Week One. The outline provided to students should be structured to provide a guide for their research. The guide will follow the assessment criteria in the assessment rubric for this Task. Steps that may be involved in scaffolding the nature of the assessment task Students should be encouraged to draft their work. As relevant topics are covered in class, reference should be made to the usefulness of the content regarding this Task.

Organizational Structure of a Hospital You Know Essay

INTRODUCTION: For this assignment I’m choosing, Fortis Hospital at Noida, India and Krishna Nursing home at Chitradurga, Karnataka India. Fortis hospital at Noida, India is a part of Fortis healthcare group and mainly focuses on orthopaedics and neurosciences. It’s a medium sized hospital with 300 bedded facilities and about 250 full time staff. Its organisational structure has low vertical and high horizontal distribution. THE HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION is as follows, 1) 37 medical departments which covers different specialities.2) Other departments such as HR, marketing, finance, engineering and nursing.3) Social specialisation, example doctors.4) Functional specialisation, example technicians and nurses. VERTICAL STRUCTURE is as follows, 1) Zonal director at the top. 2) 43 departmental heads who work under Zonal director. 3) There is team under each department which report to departmental heads. Organizational structure of fortis hospital ZONAL DIRECTOR United HR medica l director Head eng marketing & sales Finance head Nursing matron Team Hr Doctors Eng team Marketing team Finance team Nursing team Centralisation: Head of department control all departments and they report to the Zonal director. Each individual in the organisation has limited autonomy and financially it is highly centralised and functionally it is moderately decentralised and it has high level of standardisation of administrative task and the recruitment process is very much formalised, whereas doctors have low level of formalisation and everyone follow standard operating procedure. Hence in summary, Fortis hospital is multi-speciality hospital of medium size and its structure has high horizontal complexity but low vertical complexity and it is moderately formalised and there is not much direct impact on centralisation and has moderately flexible structure and decision making is highly formalised and moderately decentralised at operational level.(http://www.hindubusinessline.com; www.fortishealthcare.com; www.hoovers.com) In contrast to the above mentioned complex structure second mentioned hospital is Krishna Nursing Home which is a small 50 bedded multispecialty hospital with a simple structure with the director at the top who is in charge of everything and there are heads of recruitment, finance and medical director who report to the director. It is mainly a vertical structure with director who has full decision making power, hence the structure has minimum decentralisation. The other staff has no autonomy.This hospital works basically on loyalty and trust and personal relationship and caters to a small population in the village Chitradurga, India. This structure is compatible with small hospitals like this. But disadvantage is that it is highly dependent on the director and is individual centric (www.healthcaremagic.com) If we compare the 2 structure in relation to, 1) Central Peripheral relations: Fortis is much bigger hospital and has separate division for each department and there is decentralisation and semi-autonomy for each department and the purchaser and provider divisions are separate. Whereas Krishna Nursing Home has no decentralisation and no autonomy for the departments and all decisions are taken by the director. 2) Links with other organisational groups: Fortis has links and tie-ups with many other smaller hospitals which refer cases to them and also has link ups with various insurance companies. Whereas Krishna Nursing Home has no tie-ups with any other hospitals and works alone and caters to a small population. 3) Internal structure: Hierarchy, as mentioned above Fortis hospital has minimal vertical but complex horizontal distribution of power so it has a flatter organisational shape which helps in effective communication and decision making and has widened collaborative links between various departments and divisions resulting in internal linking and average spans of control whereas Krishna Nursing Home has vertical structure and is fully hierarchical based and there is no internal linking between departments (Merson et.,al, 2006). CONCLUSION: Both these hospitals has completely different organisational structure but both are successful because the targeted population for both are different. While, Fortis targets higher and wider range of population and focuses on specialised services, hence has complex organisational structure. Whereas Krishna Nursing Home caters to a small population and  provides basic services and hence has a simple vertical hierarchical structure. REFERENCES: ‘Fortis Healthcare signs pact with US hospital’ online. Available at: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2000/10/18/stories/021851e 3.htm. (Accessed on 7 January 2013) Krishna Nursing Home (online). Available at: www.healthcaremagic.com (Accessed on 8 January 2013). Merson et.,al (2006) ‘International Public Health’, 2nd Edition, Jones and Bartlett publishers, pp;558-593. (online) Available at: www. Fortishealthcare.com.(Accessed on: 7 January 2013). (online) Available at: www.hoovers.com (Accessed on: 7 January 2013).

Online Library System

Chapter 1 The Problem and its Background Introduction As science and technology continues to advance, most of the manual task has been transformed into cybernet operation in order to cope up with the trend of the age. The fast pace makes any invention obsolete in a few years time. Today people at work and in whatever field of the study consider the computer as a huge help. For instance, in storing and printing documents in mathematical operation, a computer could provide fast tracking work within this area, unlike in manual operation wherein access is very limited.Inspired by the continuing effort raised by some pre need agencies in giving opportunities to some people in securing their future, the researchers come up with the idea of conducting a study about thecurrent Library Management Sytem of Asian Development Foundation College. It is designed for the convenience of the management on keeping track and storing information. The proposed system will serve the user in many ways thro ugh a speedy, tedious and dependable system. For decades the library of Asian Development Foundation College still follows the traditional system never hindering the production of competitive graduates.But sad to say, a large part of their students hardly visits the library at all. Maybe because it is located at the fifth floor of the six-storied building or preferred books in the library takes effort and time for the hectic scheduled students of ADFC. The researchers planned to develop an Online Library Management System they believe it could be the solution to the problem. It will certainly reduce consumption of time, money, effort and stress. Human errors will be lessened and users, whether students or librarians, will enjoy a more carefree environment making an Online Library Management System highly recommended. Statement of the Problem The Online Library Management System is exclusively designed for Asian Development Foundation College. It aims to answer the following: 1. What are the problems encountered on the current LibraryManagementSytem? 2. What system may be proposed to improve the current Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College? 3. What are the inputs needed in developing the Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College? 4.What are the assessments of the respondents on the developed Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College in terms of: a. Contents? b. Usefulness? Theoretical Framework According to Mike Lance Richards â€Å"Information Processing Theory, is a concept of information processing states that this theory is primarily concern with the study of memory and on the evaluation of information†. Like computer the human mind takes in information and performs operation when needed and retrieval. Having accurate information in conducting the study it will help in the process evaluation primary concern. According to Jean Piaget â€Å"Constructivism Theory , knowledge is not about the world but rather constitutive of the world†. Knowledge is not a fixed about the individual through his practice of the object constructs it. A person who has the exact knowledge of a certain activity is so much important. When people work collaboratively in an authentic activity they bring their own framework and perspective to the activity. They can see the problems form different perspective and are able to negotiate and generate meaning and solution through shared understanding. 3According to Charles M. Reigeluth, â€Å"Elaboration Theory of Instruction deals with the macro level of instruction. † It is primarily concerned with the sequencing of ideas as opposed to the individual ideas themselves and examples relating to them. The sequencing of ideas relates to fundamental and representational ideas or core principles. This theory serves as foundation from which more specific maybe developed. 4 The three theories which are the Information Processing, Constructivism and Elaboration Theories, was used by the researcher as basis for their study.First, the Information Processing Theory helps gather accurate information in order to perform their operations. While Constructivism Theory, researchers, works collaboratively in an authentic activity from different perspective that enables them to generate meaning and solution through their shared understanding, while in Elaboration Theory of Instruction, this serves as their foundation in sequencing of ideas that may be developed a more specific and in analyzing of a specific program. Conceptual FrameworkThe basis for conceptualizing the Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College which is proposed by the researchers is that it can help visualize the path that the aforementioned system would be heading to. The researchers used the paradigm shown below which consist of the inputs needed, the process that would take place, and the proposed output of the project. Fig. 1. 1 Schematic Diagram of the development of the Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation CollegeSignificance of the Study The result of the study on the online room rental and reservation system is significant of the following: To the Institution The study will provide vital information regarding to their Library Management to identify problem relevant to the maintenance, disposal and/or acquisition of needed materials for their institution to make more efficient and effective in meeting customer needs. To the LibrarianThe librarian of the school library will be greatly benefitted with this Online library Management System because they will no longer need to manually process every transaction and the system automatically load the e-books online once the guest want to read the desired book. The librarian have to do is to input the title of the book, publisher, date of publish and upload the PDF format or Microsoft word format of the book an d it will be save to the servers database. To the Students/InstructorsThey will have a more convenient time in reading books and don’t have to come to the school library to borrow or read books instead they will just access the online library management of the said institution from the internet. To the Researchers The researchers are benefited in this study as well mainly for having to develop employability skills, implement a career plan, and hone each skills and participant in career pathway in preparation for the researchers’ career in the industry. To the Future ResearchersThis study can serve as reference to future researchers in conducting similar researches in the future. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The focus of the developer’s research is to know the current library management system of Asian Development Foundation College, discover easier ways to improvise the current system and develop a computerized version of it to lessen the burden of work o f both students/instructors and of the librarian’s. The proposed study is about the development of an Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College.The proposed system has the capability to upload, manage and view e-books online, secure the e-books and make sure that it can only be view and not downloaded by any unauthorized guest or client. A search index is also added for the users to easily track the available e-books online. With this system the librarian and the other personnel in-charge of the library will have a less stress in work and the clients or students can read e-books anywhere and don’t have to get into the school library to borrow or read books. Login account for different users will be created for database security purpose.The users that can access the system are the librarian, assistant librarian, instructors, working students in the library and students of the institution. The system will have a database that includes addin g of new e-books, modifying and deleting e-books. The system can able to upload e-books in PDF file or Microsoft Word format. The focus of the developer’s research is to know the current Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College discover easier ways to improve the current system and develop a computerized version of it to lessen the burden of work of both the employees and also the students.Definition of Terms For better understanding of the study, the following terms are operationally and conceptually defined. Administrator- Somebody whose job is to manage the affairs of a business, organization, or institution. 5 Book- Means a list compiled for some formal purpose, such as the details of an estate going to probate, or the contents of a house let furnished. 6 Computer- A high speed electronic machine which, performs logical calculation, process, Storage retrieves programmed information. 7Data – raw facts that needs to be processed. 8 Informatio n– Processed Data or is a  sequence  of  symbols  that can be interpreted as a  message. 9 Library- is an organized collection of  books, other printed materials, and in some cases special materials such as manuscripts,  films  and other sources of  information. 10 Librarian- Is a person in a  library who is responsible for the management of the books . 11 Library management – is a sub-discipline of  institutional management  that focuses on specific issues faced by libraries. 2 Management – is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and  objectives  using available resources efficiently and effectively. 13 Online – indicates a state of connectivity or often refers to the  Internet  or the  World-Wide Web. 14 System – is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole. 15 Software – is a collection of  computer programs  and related  data  that pro vides the instructions for telling a  computer  what to do and how to do it. 16 Theoretical – Dealing with theory or speculation rather than practical applications. 17Notes 1http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Abstract-For Online Library Management System/610544, June 26, 2012 2Ibid. 3Ibid. 4http://www. itcompany. com/forums/essays/Online Library Management System/775489, June 26, 2012 5http://www. wikipedia. com 6Ibid. 7Ibid. 8Ibid. 9Ibid. 10Ibid. 11Ibid. 12Ibid. 13Ibid. 14Ibid. 15Ibid. 16Ibid. Chapter II Review of Related Literature & Studies This chapter includes the purpose of the review of the related literature and studies. The chapter highlights literature and studies relevant to the development of the proposed system. Related Literature ForeignAccording to Irwin O’ Brien in his journal entitled â€Å"Writing in Production and Library Management System† manual information processing systems are simple and inexpensive if the organizational information req uirements are simple and the amount of data to be processed is limited. As information requirements become more complex and the volume of data increases, the speed, accuracy, reliability and economy of using computers for information processing becomes a necessity. It only takes seconds for a computer to perform millions of data processing functions that human being would take years to complete.In this context, all information provided for by the computer is timely. Also, computers can consistently and accurately process large volumes of data according to complex and repetitive processing procedures for a long period of time without failure. However, except for low volume tasks, electronic information processing is more economically justifiable than manual processing1. According to Davidson and Schneider clarified in their Expert System for Library Applications, that Expert systems need not be complex to function well.They further explained that what is good with simple programs is that they allow modifications to be made by subject areas, by simply changing the databases accessed by the program2. According to Godwin Udo in his journal entitled â€Å"Library Management† described that telecommunications technology as a critical organizational asset that can help a institution like school realize important competitive gains in the area of library management. It is little wonder that business experts commonly cite library management as a vital element that can spell the difference between success and failure in today's keenly competitive institutions. Local According to Wilhelma G. Borja, nowadays, computers are popular in the Philippine schools, Offices and homes. Computers make retrieval and searching of information easier and quicker. Needed information, which used to take weeks to get, can be retrieved in a matter of minutes. The author added that the computer aid researchers which, in turn, can help in upgrading the quality of basic education, boost the country’s science and technology education programs, and upgrade programs in vocational technical training. 4 In addition to this, Roman D.Asis said that â€Å"the manual library management system is simple and in expensive if data requirements are simple and the amounts of data to be processed are limited. As information requirements becomes more complex and the volume of data increases the speed, accuracy, reliability, and economy of using computers for library management system has become a necessity. In other words, the major limitations of manual library management system include its inability to handle large volume of work and its reliance to cumbersome and tedious method. 5 Eugenio F. BansalasofCentral Colleges of the Philippines, during the academic year 2008–2009, Library Director of the Central Colleges of the Philippines has expressed that it is difficult to find materials to help new public library managers cultivate their professional development. Mos t of the research and writings on library management have focused on academic libraries and only recently has there been more interest in the administration of public libraries.The skill and style of public library managers – the directors, branch managers, and department and service managers who are leading these institutions strongly affects the culture of a public library. Library staff looks to these managers to help them navigate through the rapid changes that are occurring in public libraries as these changes in technology, roles, and user expectations strongly alter their daily routines of public service.Contemporary library managers need a wider array of skills and attributes than their earlier and more traditionalcounterparts and will need to seek continual professional development to remain effective as public libraries transition into the twenty-first century. These managers will also need to distinguish between management andleadership skills and learn to identify and mentor leaders within their staff who can assist in the transition. 6 Related Studies ForeignAccording to Tereence Pratt which was cited unpublished undergraduate thesis by Reynaldo Ragrag, that the term computer suggest that its primary purpose is to perform mathematical calculations on to compute in the sense of the word; on the other mechanical aid to make difficult, tedious or dangerous task easier in a universal human. 7 According to Arthur W. Clark cited on the unpublished undergraduate thesis by Michael Sanchez, â€Å"the impact of new technology during the period of 1955 – 1975 saw the formation of new public library units and merge of cooperative type organization.In the mid 1970’s even more rapid changed has occurred in the areas of automation and computerization and this change is expected to accelerate in decades ahead. Library routines have been increasingly automated by computerized circulation system. †8 According to Johannes Gutenberg  "many library functions previously performed manually are now available for automated information storage and retrieval systems. For instance, staff can create their own records and databases.Information retrieval has taken on new dimension, and database searching has become an art within the profession. †9 Local â€Å"In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is employed by the researcher. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general†.The excerpt was stated by Josefina Estolas in her dissertation. 10 Science and technologies are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, a nd to science and technology education since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as manage and view e-books online, as cited by Jeffrey A. Hernale on the unpublished undergraduate thesis by Francisco D. Salvacion. 1 Libraries in the Philippines started in the late 16th and early 17th century by Spanish religious orders MuseoBiblioteca de Filipinas inaugurated on October 24, 1891 is the forerunner of the National Library of the Philippines March 9, 1990. American Circulating Library was established by the American Circulating Library Association headed by Mrs. Charles Greenleaf. Miss Nellie Young Egbert was the first Librarian of the American Circulating Library in the Philippines. The school of Library and Information studies of the University of the Philippines or UP-SLIS is the oldest library in the Philippines.Formally established in March 1961 as the Institute of Library Science, It can trace its roots to 1914, making it one of the first Library Schools in Asia. It is an independent degree-granting unit of the University of the Philippines Diliman, and offers program in the field of Library and Information Science. Every University Librarian, since the University Library was established in 1922 has grappled with four basic concerns: the book fund, staff development library services and Information Technology.Now, the UP Diliman has trial access to ebrary, an online database of 170,000 electronic books and other authoritative titles from more than 425 leading publishers and aggregators in various discipline. 12 Notes 1O’ Brien, Irwin, Pc Magazine (New York: USA, Feb 12, 1998)Vol. 10July 2, 2012 2Davidson and Schneider, Pc Magazine(New York: USA, Dec 10, 1998)Vol. 12 July 2, 2012 3Godwin Udo, Journal(Library Management) pg. 10-15 July 2, 2012 4Ibid. 5Ibid. 6Ibid. 7Tereence Pratt et, al. , â€Å"A Proposed Online Library Management System forAs ian Development Foundation College. † (Unpublished Undergraduate thesisAsian Development Foundation College, 2006) p. 35 July 2, 2012 8Ibid. 9Ibid. 10Josifina Estolaset. al, â€Å"Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College† (Unpublished Undergraduate thesis, Asian Development Foundation College,2006) p. 30July 2, 2012 11Ibid. 12Ibid. Chapter III Methods and Procedures This chapter contains the methods and procedures in preparation for and in developing the Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College.This chapter includes the discussion of research design, research locale of the study, validation of the instruments, research instruments, respondents of the study, research procedures, statistical treatment of data, data gathering technique. Research Design The study used a descriptive survey method of research. A direct inquiry or a personal interview was the tool used in data gathering with a prepared questionnai re as guide, the researchers personally went and ask information about their library management in relation to the proposed Online Library Management System of their institution.It was utilized to get relevant information on the present manual system of the library management so that it could be improved, defining the element of the system quantitatively, describing the nature of the problems encountered in the present manual system and analyzing which best software could be developed to solve the problems cited by the respondents in the study. The researchers use this method because it is easy and more convenient to use in study. Research Locale of the Study The study was conducted in Asian Development Foundation College located at P.Burgos St. TaclobanCity. This was conducted during the firstsemester of the school year 2012-2013. History A young but notably growing institution, whose birth came into reality because of the conception and effort of a Filipino Chinese family residing in TaclobanCity. The institution serves student populace not only from Tacloban City but also from the entire region. Organized on October 24, 1984 well-timed for the birthday celebration of its President and founder, businessman Santiago Chua, the school began operations with pre-elementary courses.Pupils were then housed in the only two available classrooms. The following year, the institution introduces its elementary department, with a progressive grade level offering. Its first elementary graders were graduated in the year 1990. That same year, parents and supporters of its graduates and pupils manifested their recognition and esteem of the institution’s remarkable performance and clamored for the opening of secondary school.Based on their earnest and formal petition, permission to operate was granted by the department of education, culture and sports. Hence, the official establishment of Asian Development Foundation Secondary School in the school year 1990-1991. An unq uestionable special feature of such level was the inclusion of complete computer subjects in the curriculum, the very first in region VIII. The offering of undergraduate courses stated in 1994 through a permit to operate approved on April 27 of the same year.Degree courses which are now available include the following; Bachelor of Science in Computer Science, Bachelor of Science in Accountancy, Associate in Computer Science, Associate in Computer Secretarial, Associate in Commercial Science, Bachelor of Science in Commerce, Major in Banking and Finance, Economics, Management, Accounting Management, Entrepreneurial Management and Legal Management. The Asian Development Foundation continues to advance towards its impressive endeavor through the proficient administration of Chua Family with the support of serious involvement of other school officials.This is manifested by the construction of a new 5-storey building which now houses the Collegiate and Graduate school, in addition to the existing school compound in Bliss, Sagkahan in the ADF-extension at the corner of Salazar and Veteranos Street, all located in the city. Tracking back to its humble beginning, it can be gleaned that the Asian Development Foundation is thinking big as it makes headway towards the fulfillment of its mission as a competent learning institution. VisionAsian Development Foundation College as an educational institution dedicated to the development of able professionals, leaders, progressive, efficient and responsible citizens of the country and the world. Mission Asian Development Foundation College as directed towards the developments of its constituents through: 1. Academic excellence, research community service 2. Optimum access to dynamic intellectual, spiritual, moral, and cultural life, and; 3. Responsive and innovative pursuit for human growth. This is the geographical map of Asian Development Foundation College, the research location where the study was conducted.Fig. 3 Geographi cal Location of the Research Locale Respondents of the Study The direct respondents of the researchers gathered data about activities of the library are the librarian and her staffs. It is through them that the researchers were able to know the format of the library’s day-to-day work. Another group of respondents were the instructor and student from the different level of each department namely; Computer Science, Commerce & Accountancy, Liberal Arts and Computer Engineering. Research InstrumentsThe research instrument used in the study is a self–structured questionnaire: for the respondents at ADFC campus to gather their opinions about this proposed Online Library Management System for ADFC library. Validation of Instruments With the permission of the chairman of the Computer Science Department at Asian Development Foundation College, the researchers validated the questionnaires at Eastern Visayas State University. The researchers validated the questionnaires by lettin g the EVSU librarian answer the questionnaire. This procedure was necessary to determine which item on the questionnaire has to be revised or omitted.Research Procedure In order to get the necessary data for the research, the researchers interviewed the librarian of the ADFC campus and distributed the questionnaires to the student respondents of each department and retrieved the questionnaires after the respondents had answered all the questions being asked. The researchers had used three techniques that would really help a lot in developing the Library Management System. One of the techniques is through a format interview, in which the researchers asked the librarian of the library activities, problems and difficulties encountered.Second technique is through questionnaires, which was distributed to the respondents. The third technique is direct observation, in which the researchers observed the operation of the library activities. Statistical Treatment of Data Percentage Formula Th e formula used was: P=[pic]100 Weighted mean this was used to determine the respondent’s assessments in terms of contents and usefulness of the system. Weighted Mean Formula The qualitative description of the weighted mean was determined using the following scales: |Limits of Scale |Qualitative Description | |4. 0 – 5. 00 |Strongly Agree(SA) | |3. 40 – 4. 19 |Agree(A) | |2. 60 – 3. 39 |Neutral(N) | |1. 80 – 2. 59 |Disagree(D) | |1. 00 – 1. 79 |Strongly Disagree(SD) |Chapter IV Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation In this chapter, the interpretation and analysis of the data gathered from the respondents is being discussed. There are two tables provided to elaborate the explanation about the data gathered. The following is the table that shows the result in the percentage by using the formula: P =[pic]100 where P is the percentage, f is the frequency and n is the total number of respondents. It represents the problem that has been enc ountered by the students and likewise by the instructors.A total of 390 respondents participated in the survey, 6 from the employee and 384 from the customers. Table 1 Distribution of Responses on the Problems Encountered on the Current Manual Library Management System of ADFC |Problems Encountered |Respondent |Average |Rank | | |(384) | | | | |No. |% | | | |Slow processing of |197 |51. 30% |75. 5% |3 | |borrowing books | | | | | |Slow retrieval of books |249 |64. 85% |82. 43% |1 | |Redundancy of work in |235 |61. 20% |80. 6% |2 | |recording the status of | | | | | |books | | | | | |Bulky and unorganized |177 |46. % |73. 05% |4 | |files of the book | | | | | |records in the library | | | | | |Unsystematic procedures |78 |20. 31% |60. 16% |5 | |in recording files in | | | | | |the library | | | | |Table 1 show that certain problems do really exist in the current Manual Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College. Out of 390 respondents from both staff and studen ts, 197 of them answered Slow processing of borrowing books, 249 of them also said, Slow retrieval of books, 235 of them answered Redundancy of work in recording the status of books, 177 of them answered Bulky and unorganized files of the book records in the library, 78 of them answered Unsystematic procedures in recording files in the library. A total of 390 respondents participated from both students and instructors in the survey.The researcher used the System Development Life Cycle, because it is a common methodology for system in many organizations, featuring several phases that mark the progress of system analysis and design effort. The specific steps and their sequence are meant to be adapted as required in every project. System Development Life Cycle used in an organization is an orderly set of activities conducted and planned for each development project. In fact System Development Life Cycle is a traditional methodology used to develop, maintain, and replaced information sy stems. Fig. 4. 1 System Development Life CycleThe first phase of the System Development Life Cycle is Project Identification and Selection. This first phase is initializing that before anything, all information must be carried out for identifying and analyzing, its flow or the whole system work well. In this phase, the researchers identify what system to be proposed that will fit to the said establishment. The second phase is Project Initiation and Planning is explained and an argument for continuing with the project is presented; a detailed plan is also developed for conducting the remaining phrases of the System Development Life Cycle for the proposed system.This phase gives its presented data into a detailed form; here the planning of all operation has been done. In this second phase a detailed plan is developed by the researchers for conducting the remaining phases of the System Development Life Cycle for the proposed system. The third phase is Analysis in which current system i s studied and alternative replacement system is proposed. This phase has been utilized to analyze the proposed system is accurate for development or it needs more plans, and it needs critical study to generate initial design to match the said requirements.This phase the researchers analyzed the proposed system if it is accurate to develop and matching the requirements. The fourth phase is Logical Design in which all functional features of the system chosen for development in analysis are described independently in any computer platform. This phase indicated that the system can be tied to any hardware, and it is flexible to be implemented on any hardware and system software. In this phase the researchers decided what features to be added to the system to make it functional and flexible to any hardware and software.The fifth phase is Physical Design. This phase that all plan and structured system designed will convert in a specified programming language so that the designer of various parts of the system can perform its physical operation that is necessary to facilitate and capturing data. The fifth phase is where the researchers or specifically the system designer added the physical design of the system. The sixth phase is Implementation in which the information system is coded, tested, installed, and supported in the organization. This phase is to mplement the system specification will now come up into a working system; it will be tested and used. Documentation and program training is finalize during implementation. During this phase the researchers tested and installed the system properly and come up to a working system. The researchers finalized the program training and documentation. The final phase is Maintenance where in performance of efficiency and effectiveness is determined. This was the time consuming and effort devoted, just to maintain its capability of performance as desired; so when an error arises the team who made the project will do the change s.By using this cycle the sequence of the following phases can be easily understood, and error will be easily detected if there are any problems. For this cycle helps a lot in this job in a specified assignment. Table 2 Distribution of Responses of the Input Needed to Develop the New System |Inputs Needed |Employees (6) |Rank | | |No. |% | | |Book Title |6 |100% |4 | |Book Author |4 |66. % |9 | |Book Subject |6 |100% |4 | |Search by Title |6 |100% |4 | |Search by Author |6 |100% |4 | |Search by Subject |6 |100% |4 | |Book issued/Borrowed |5 |83. 3% |8 | |Availabilty of the book |6 |100% |4 | |Book Quantity |6 |100% |4 |Table 2 uses the percentage formula P =[pic]100. A total of 6 respondents from the employees participated in the survey. It represents the possible inputs needed by the respondents and the staff in the proposed system. It shows that all criteria given through the inputs are needed in the system. Table 3. 1 Assessment of the Respondents on the Usefulness of the Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College |Usefulness of the System |Employee |Interpretation | |1.The system will reduce the burden | | | |of work of the staffs and management. |5. 0 |SA | |2. The system allows for a faster and | |SA | |more accurate data processing. |4. 75 | | |3. The Online Library Management | | | |System is more efficient than the |4. 7 |A | |manual system. | | | |4. The system is user friendly. |3. 84 |A | |Overall Weight Mean |4. 44 |SA | Table 3. 1 represents the usefulness of the newly proposed system in Asian Development Foundation College and based from the evaluation of respondents’ answers, two criteria were interpreted as Strongly Agree (SA). The system will reduce the burden of work of the staffs and management† got the highest rank with an average of mean of 5. 00; followed by the criterion â€Å"The system allows for a faster and more accurate data processing. † with an average mean of 4. 75. On the othe r hand, the two other criterions were interpreted as Agree (A). The criterion â€Å"The Online Library Management System is more efficient than the manual system† has an average mean of 4. 17 meanwhile the criterion. â€Å"The system is user friendly† gained an average mean of 3. 84. Table 3. 2Assessment of the Respondents on Content of the Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College |Content of the Computerized Sales and | | | |Inventory System |Employee |Interpretation | |1. The system contains the necessary | | | |information of the â€Å"Library management in | | | |ADFC, Tacloban City. |4. |A | |2. The system is easy to access. |4. 5 |SA | |3. The necessary information is well | | | |presented and organized. |5. 00 |SA | | | | | |Overall Weight Mean |4. 3 |SA | Table 3. 2 shows the result the results on the assessment of the respondents in relation to the content of the newly proposed system. And based from the table, the criterion â €Å"The necessary information is well presented and organized† has the highest remark which is 5. 00 and is interpreted as Strongly Agree (SA). Next to it is â€Å"The system is easy to access† which got an average mean of 4. 5 and interpreted as Strongly Agree (SA). Last in rank which only got an average mean of 4. is â€Å"The system contains the necessary information of the â€Å"Library Management† in Asian Development Foundation College, Tacloban City and is interpreted as Agree (A) by the respondents. Based from the overall weighted mean it is interpreted as Strongly Agree (SA) and got an average mean of 4. 53. CHAPTER V Technical Requirements This Chapter presents the requirements that would be needed to develop the system. These requirements are called technical requirements because these require a lot of skill and training to be able to come up with them. These requirements include.Project Rationale, Project Objectives, Project Description, Constraints of the System, Project Team Organization, Table of Activities, Activity Network, Gantt Chart, Pert Chart, Data Flow Diagram, System Flowchart, Input Process Output Chart, Program Flowchart, Training Plan, Test Plan, Security Plan, Maintenance Plan, Screen Design and Source Codes. Project Rationale It is been observed that the users and operators anticipate for future development, keeping in mind that technology is not a goal in itself but rather a means to an end of manual operations.At the library of Asian Development Foundation College, manual procedures were still observed, thus the team proposed to computerized the process making the purpose of reducing human errors to eventually increase the efficiency. The rationale behind this research focuses on the appropriate application that will help possibly in managing the library as well as giving appropriate answers to the questions needed in maintaining the data about books, borrowing and returning of books, and providing the stude nts a list of available of books in the library.Project Objectives The Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College’s main objective is to provide library functions and services to students or faculty members of the school. Another is to allow a faster and more accurate processing of data to reduce the librarian and her staff’s burden of work. Necessary book information must be presented well and organized to add user friendliness to its users. Access to the system must be easy but must not compromise the system’s security. Project DescriptionThe system was designed and developed primarily for maintaining records of books present in the library and its details. Book information are entered in Book inventory and students or faculty members who borrow or return books are entered in student and faculty registry together with their personal information. To grant access to a guest the system asks for information necessary for validation li ke Id number etc†¦ Books stored in the system can be viewed online. Search filter features are present to guide users on searching books.Information about the student or faculty members was also provided. Constraints of the System The Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College does not generate receipts after every transaction. Because of the library’s rules and regulations the system cannot do reservations, another is, students can only borrow one book at a time. Project Team Organization â€Å"Ego less Team Structure† The group decided to have an ego less team structure in order to build a fair and unbiased project making.They decided this in order that each member will participate or will develop their initiative for the project making all the members of the group were assigned as team leader, programmer, system analyst, encoder and researcher. Figure 5. 1 Team Organizational Structure Job Description System Analyst – The on e who responsible in analyzing the development of the system and suggest some improvements. Leader – The one who leads and organizes the group. Programmer – The one who is responsible in translating the system plan into program that can be understood and interpreted by the computer.Encoder – The one who is responsible for encoding any type of data into the computer, specially the data for the documentation of the study. Researcher – The one who is responsible in researching and collecting data needed in the research. Table of Activities Table 1 | | |Duration |Date |Date |Predecessor | |ID |Name |In Weeks |Started |Finished | | |A |System Planning |0. |06/19/12 |06/23/12 | | | |Selection of research topic |0. 1 |06/19/12 |06/20/12 | | |A1 | | | | | | | |Library research |0. |06/20/12 |06/23/12 |A | |A2 | | | | | | | |System Analysis |2. 1 |06/25/12 |07/10/12 | | |B | | | | | | | |Interview |0. |06/25/12 |06/27/12 |A2 | |B1 | | | | | | | |Documentation |1. 5 |06/28/12 |07/10/12 |B1 | |B2 | | | | | | | |System Design |3. |07/12/12 |08/06/12 | | |C | | | | | | | |Interface Design |2 |07/12/12 |07/26/12 |B1 | |C1 | | | | | | | |Database Design |1. |07/27/12 |08/06/12 |C1 | |C2 | | | | | | | |System Implementation |4. |08/07/12 |09/17/12 | | |D | | | | | | | |Program Coding |3 |08/07/12 |08/28/12 |B2, C2 | |D1 | | | | | | | |System Testing |0. 3 |08/29/12 |09/01/12 |D1 | |D2 | | | | | | |System Debugging |2. 2 |09/02/12 |09/18/12 |D2 | |D3 | | | | | | Time Estimation in Weeks Table 2 | |Time estimate in | | | | | | |ID |Weeks |ET |TE |TL |Slack |Critical | O | R | P |(O + 4R + P) 6 | | |Time |Path | | | | | | | | | | | | A1 |0. 1 |0. 1 |0. 1 |0. 1 |0. 1 |0. 1 |0 | ( | | | | | | | | | | | | A2 | 0. 1 |0. 3 |0. 5 |0. 3 |0. 4 |0. 4 |0 | ( | | | | | | | | | | | | B1 | 0. 2 |0. 2 |0. 4 |0. 2 |0. 6 |0. 6 |0 | ( | | | | | | | | | | | | B2 | 1. 3 |1. 5 |1. 6 |1. 5 |2. 1 |2. 1 |0 | ( | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C1 | 1. 5 |2 |2. 2 | 2 |2. 6 |3. 8 |1. 2 | x | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |1. 5 |1. 3 |3. 9 |5. 1 |1. 2 | x | |C2 |1 |1. 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | D1 | 3 |3 |3. 1 |3 |5. 1 |5. |0 | | | | | | | | | | |( | | D2 | 0. 3 |0. 3 |0. 3 |0. 3 |5. 4 |5. 4 |0 |( | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |D3 |2 |2. 2 |2. 4 |2. 2 |7. 6 |7. 6 |0 |( | | | | | | | | | | | | Activity Network Gantt chart [pic] PERT Chart Data Flow Diagram Admin User System Flowchart [pic] Program Flowchart [pic] [pic] Training Plan The developers are willing to give ten hours of training to the system’s administrators or other users. Before the training starts the developers would need two computer sets (networked) with complete system requirements.For the first two hours the training would focus on the system’s installation procedures; the next two would cover server management and maintenance, the next two hours is for MySQL database management and the last four hours are for the system’s general operati ng procedures. Training will cover: 1. Installation of required hardware and software. 2. Server management and maintenance. 3. MySQL database management. 4. System’s general operating procedures Test PlanTesting is an element of verification denoting the determination of the properties and the characteristics of equipment or components by technical means, including functional operation, and application of established test principles and procedures. System testing is the stage of implementation, which aims at ensuring that the system works accurately and efficiently before actual operation commences. No program or system design is perfect, communication between the user and the designer is not always complete or clear. All this can result in errors. Security PlanThe system is accessed only by enrolled students and faculty members of Asian Development Foundation College. The system will be accessed through inputting the student’s Id number or faculty member’s nam e and password. Access to the system by guest without the said necessary inputs will be denied. To secure the system’s database, a corporate password shall be registered to the local host server. Maintenance Plan The team will conduct trainings to administrators regarding on the system’s database and server maintenance. They will keep in touch in case bugs or glitches are discovered.They will also provide a user’s manual to give administrators better understanding of the system’s functions. Screen Design Chapter VI Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations Summary of Findings Based on observations, the developers found out that the present Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College still maintains its functionality but with continuous data gathering and analysis they also found out that some obstructions are present. One is its accessibility, because the ADFC library is located at the fifth floor of the building and is exh austing going up and down.Time is also wasted when student’s scan books never knowing what they are looking for. These current problems were the developers’ focus to appraise and lead to development of the ADFC’s Online Library Management System. Conclusion From a proper analysis of the proposed Online Library Management System, it can be safely concluded that this application is working properly and meets the users’ requirements. The problems, which existed in the manual system, have been reduced to a large extent. The Online Library Management System will not only improve the efficiency but will also reduce stress thereby improving human functionality.Based from the findings, the researchers confidently conclude the following after a thorough analysis for the present system. 1. That the present manual system will be improved through the development of the Online Library Management System that will provide a faster, easier and more reliable way of inform ation retrieval. 2. That the proposed system will eliminate redundancy of work therefore lesser time will be wasted. 3. Students will now be convinced to visit the library because of the system’s improved accessibility. RecommendationsBased on the findings, and conclusions of the study, the researchers highly recommend the following: 1. Access to the system should be limited only for the administrators (librarian) and users (students/instructors) of ADFC to avoid tampering or unscrupulous act that will change the integrity of the records. 2. Because the library is located on the fifth floor of ADFC, it is advisable to install the OLMS on computers at the ground floor of the building especially on the computer laboratories. 3. Since the coverage of the proposed system is limited.It is advisable that similar studies should be conducted and expanded so that it could provide better and more reliable systems for the next generation of students. APPENDICES Appendix A Letter of Perm ission to Conduct a Study General Operating Procedures Log-in 1. Enter your Username. 2. Enter your Password. 3. Click the â€Å"LOGIN† button to enter OLMS. Book Management 1. Click the â€Å"View† button to view the book. 2. Click the â€Å"Edit† button to edit the book. 3. To view book management. 4. To view ebooks. 5. To register new accounts 6. To view logs. 7. To add new books. 8. To log-out the systemOnline Library 1. To download books. 2. To view books. 3. Type here to search books. Add books 1. Enter the book title. 2. Enter the book edition. 3. Enter book quantity. 4. Enter the book author. 5. Enter the book category. 6. Click â€Å"Add† button to add new category. 7. Click â€Å"Choose File† button to select what book to upload. 8. Save and Cancel button. [pic] ———————– Feedback Online Library Management System of Asian Development Foundation College OUTPUT ? Conducting Researches ? Interview ? Observation ? Questionnaires ? Analysis ? Designing ? Programming ? Debugging Testing PROCESS ? Problems encountered by the management ? Downloaded Materials ? Books ? Hardware and Software INPUTS Where: P=Percentage f =frequency n =no. of Respondents x =[pic] Where: x = WeightedMean † fx = sum of the product of Fr? fx = sum of the product of Frequency (f) And Weight (x) n = Number of respondents Project Identification And Selection Project Initiation and Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance System Analyst Leader Programmer Researcher Encoder Legend: Critical( Non-Criticalx TL = 0. 6 TE = 0. 6 ET = 0. 2 B1 A2 A1 S TL = 0. TE = 0. 4 ET = 0. 3 TL = 0. 1 TE = 0. 1 ET = 0. 1 TL = 0 TE = 0 ET = 0 TL = 2. 1 TE = 2. 1 ET = 1. 5 B2 TL = 3. 8 TE = 2. 6 ET = 2 C1 TL = 5. 1 TE = 5. 1 ET = 3 C2 D1 TL = 5. 1 TE = 3. 9 ET = 1. 3 TL = 5. 4 TE = 5. 4 ET = 0. 3 D2 TL = 7. 6 TE = 7. 6 ET = 2. 2 TL = 7. 6 TE = 7. 6 ET = 0 F D3 Legend Critical P ath Non Critical Path Legend: Critical path Non Critical path System Planning A 0. 4 06/19/12 06/20/12 Library Research A2 0. 3 06/20/12 06/23/12 Interview B1 0. 2 06/25/12 06/27/12 Documentation B2 1. 5 06/28/12 07/10/12 Selection of Research Topic A1 0. 1 06/19/12 06/20/12System Analysis B 2. 1 06/25/12 07/10/12 System Design C 3. 4 07/12/12 08/06/12 Interface Design C1 2 07/12/12 07/26/12 Database Design C2 1. 3 07/27/12 08/06/12 System Implementation D 4. 3 08/07/12 09/17/12 Program Coding D1 3 08/07/12 08/28/12 System Testing D2 0. 3 08/29/12 09/01/12 Activity Name Activity ID Start Finished Duration System Debugging D3 2. 2 09/02/12 09/18/12 LEGEND Non Critical Path Critical Path 1. 1 Verify Username & Password Level 1 Log-in Admin 1. 3 Open System Admin 1. 2Security Database Level 2 2. 2 Select Book 2. 4Database 2. 3 Check Book 2. 1 Search AdminLevel 3 OK 3. 3 Validate 3. 2 Save? 3. 1 Add Book Admin Admin 3. 4 Save 3. 5Database Level 4 4. 4 Edit? 4. 2 Validate 4. 5 Update Adm in 4. 1 Select 4. 6Database 4. 3Database Admin Admin Level 5 5. 4 Delete? 5. 2 Validate 5. 1 Select 5. 5 Delete 5. 6Database 5. 3Database Admin 1. 2Database Level 1 Log-in 1. 1 Verify Username & Password User User 1. 3 Open System 2. 2 Select Book 2. 1 Search 2. 4Database 2. 3 Open Book Level 2 User Logo Online Library Management System of ADFC eBook Management Library Management List of books Filter Logout 2 1 3 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 3 2 1 4 1 2 3 6 8 5 7

Ways of KNowing

WHEN Is a focus on the primary medical management of women's health throughout the phases of a man's life. Many aspects of a woman's life are variables that will affect her general health and wellness. For example, relationships, children, career, family, finances, environmental factors, spirituality, and other influences collectively impact a woman's health and wellness. In my own nursing experience, I recall a difficult client care situation that perplexed me with serious ethical questions and allowed me to unfold a â€Å"bigger picture† of the woman's life.This woman contracted HIVE during her first sexual encounter at the age on nineteen. I had the privilege of knowing her when she was the age of thirty-three which for her was the end of her life due to the disease processes. I spent a good deal of time with her In clinical practice and came to a full understanding and appreciation of her life story but not at first. I created many barriers for myself and for her with resp ect to vast commodities and clinical needs beyond comparison to many other patients I had encountered.The barriers were created because of my intolerance and objectivity I had created against the WAITED population. I learned later that she was the loving mother of a child that she could not physically see because she had lost her eyesight. She was alone. She was abandoned by the father of the child who was the carrier of the HIVE she had contracted. She was angry. She was scared. She was mistreated and abused by her family and the system. My moment of knowing myself finally came when I was able to see myself as being this person.She could have been anybody life story. During this time I was able to re-evaluate my personal feelings and biases and this particular tuition brought to fruitful a nurse that was less Judgmental, more understanding, more tolerant, and most Importantly more knowing. This happened long before I knew there was Integrated Theory and Knowledge Development in Nur sing. All the while, we nurses have been developing ways of knowing and like many of my fellow undergraduate nurses, I did not acknowledge the term â€Å"Knowing† in the sense of an art.Former clinical experiences have influenced how I acquire knowledge in my latter clinical practice. I use an integrated approach to the collection and analysis of ATA from personal, ethical, and empirical perspectives. Personally, I am aware that I am human and can easily become consumed in opinions and prejudices. I understand that ownership of a prejudice in nursing creates barriers that will not allow the nurse patient relationship to flourish. The nurse's failure in realizing the self as a potential barrier Is also the nurse's failure In delivering the most therapeutic and holistic care possible.I consider psychosocial, demographic, ethnic, cultural, and/ or religious factors that may bear weight on a therapeutic plan of care. I pay attention to facial expressions, educational level, langu age, and family members. Is religious practices that prevent certain treatments? Is the patient in pain? These are important questions that I ask or observe for gathering information and formulating a specific plan of care. What can I do as the primary nurse to be part of a therapeutic clinical plan of care? What can I say to add words of comfort in times of fear?How can I be proactive in the community to raise a level of awareness concerning senseless acts of violence or the spread of disease and infection? Am I using the best possible aseptic techniques to facilitate the most optimal outcomes during wound care and other invasive procedures? A combination of clinical objectivity, personal knowing, and ethical/disciplinary knowing are utilized during clinical practice to ensure I deliver the best care I can to the patients that I serve. The Phenomenon of Interest that I would like to further examine is as follows: Investigating the quality of life and health in infertility. Ways of Knowing I choose to talk on this essay about how they have an Impact on my process of acquiring knowledge are: 1) Emotion 2) Memory 3) Reason I will start with emotion. I believe emotion has a great role on all individuals' process of acquiring knowledge. That's because emotion Is Interfering in our choices at all moments.For example: When I started writing this essay I had to choose three from seven ways of knowing, and my emotions play a key role in this choice because I ended up choosing the ones I like the best, and now I will write a completely different say from which I would if I had chosen any other of the seven ways of knowing and this will have an impact on my process of acquiring knowledge. Another daily example of when emotion comes into its defining role is when we come into the position of having to choose where we are going to eat, at which restaurant.Emotion might lead us to choose our favorite restaurant other than trying out a new restaurant and this is avoiding us to try o ut new experiences, learn new food tastes and therefore emotion again has an impact on my/everybody process of acquiring knowledge. However emotion might also have a positive impact on ones process of acquiring knowledge. For example, I once traveled to New Zealand and had the chance to bungee Jump. My parents told me not to jump, they were scared that I could hurt myself Jumping, but my emotions told me that I should Jump, that It would be a good experience, something new.And so I did. Exposed myself to something new and therefore learned something, acquired knowledge. And all this positive acquiring of knowledge was only possible because my emotion told me to jump, to try something new. I believe memory has a very negative role on an individual's process of acquiring knowledge. That's due to the fact the many times people try something out and have a negative experience and this first negative experience stays in their memory and blocks them from trying this actively again and pos sibly having a positive second experience.I myself have many example of a blocking first negative experience. For example: When I was a kid, I tried this Russian food called â€Å"standoff' once and didn't like it, because of this experience I have never tried it again and this has avoided me from possibly having a positive second experience and possibly liking the dish very much, but the memory from the first negative experience has blocked me from ever having the second try. However memory can have some positive effects on an Individual's process of aqualung knowledge.For example: You might not have seen a friend for a long time, and you pass by him on the street. If it wasn't for your memory you might not recognize him and call his attention so that you two could meet each other after so many years and chat. If it wasn't for your memory (which allowed you to recognize your friend) you would not be able to meet him and chat with him, therefore you would not learn what he has been up too In the last few years.This recognition allowed an encounter which opens has been up too in the last few years). Reason is very similar to emotion, they are linked in a way, some say they are opposites. Reason is present in every decision we make. Using the example from emotion about the restaurants, reason might be present. For example: You might chose between restaurant A and restaurant B because restaurant A serves a type of food you like the best, that's reason involved in your Judgment.But how can reason affect your process of acquiring knowledge? Well, when studying for a test, you might be undecided whether to study from a book or study from the internet. When taking this decision you will (maybe even unconsciously) use reason to decide whether to study from a book or from the internet, and when you do so you will then have effectively affected your process of acquiring knowledge, as you will now be acquiring knowledge for your test from a different source.One personal example of how reason has affected my process of acquiring knowledge was when I was undecided whether to buy a book called â€Å"How to rap† or a book called â€Å"The www-tang manual†. I used reason on deciding which book to buy, Judging the pros and the cons of each book. And I finally decided to buy â€Å"How to rap†. This truly had an impact on my process of acquiring knowledge because I am now acquiring knowledge from the book â€Å"How to rap† but if my reason process had decided that â€Å"The www-tang manual† was a better book then I would be acquiring knowledge from â€Å"The www-tang manual†.Therefore reason helped me choose between two different sources of knowledge and now I am acquiring knowledge from one of them and not the other, therefore my process of acquiring knowledge has be affected. Reason might not always make you make the best decisions, it all depends on how you're reasoning process is made, but it surely happens in every decision we cake, Just like emotion. As a conclusion, I believe that all seven ways of knowing has an impact on an individual's process of acquiring knowledge.Some might be positive sometimes and some might be negative sometimes, but they are always taking a role, no matter if positively or negatively in or decisions and in or process of acquiring knowledge. The seven ways of knowing are present in or day to day lives (as seen in the examples given) and therefore it this important to understand how these impact our process of acquiring knowledge so that we can have better control of the effect these take in our life.

Everydy Low pricing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Everydy Low pricing - Assignment Example 2. What could your local supermarket do other than offer low prices or price discounts to win your business (delight you) and still maintain a high profit margin? As suggested, other than offering everyday low prices, one’s local supermarket could offer some slow moving products on major price-off sale (from 20 to 50% off) or provide discounts to frequent buyers (maybe through accumulating points which could be redeemed as cash on the next shopping). These strategies would ensure that slow moving products could be purchased and the points system would not entail costs to the supermarket which could lessen their profits. 3. What advantages and disadvantages do you see for manufacturers to offer everyday low purchase prices to retailers? Are manufacturers and retailers pushing price so much that theyre in danger of lowering profits? Is this especially true on the Internet? Why is price competition so common? The advantages of offering everyday low purchase prices to retailers by manufacturers include selecting them as sources of products in volume, as against competitors not offering low prices. The disadvantages include potentially lower profit potentials if the volumes of needed sales are not met. One believes that manufacturers and retailers make the necessary computations in volume-price effect of pushing price to achieve a target profit; otherwise, they would not offer this pricing strategy. This fact is applicable in any organizational setting and in various medium, including the internet. Price competition is so common because consumers are becoming price conscious and opts to purchase products that are perceived to be the cheapest but provides the value needed by the

Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Goals - Essay Example There is something strongly helpful in writing one’s goals. It does not simply help an individual to remember his goals but it also aids in his focus towards his visions. Having pointed that out, it is my desire to do the same, to write my life goals, understanding as Goddard did, that I have also my limitations which can only be minimized by focusing on the goals that I set for myself. As Goddard said, â€Å"I set up a blueprint of goals so that I would always have something to work for† (22). Due to the limitation of space, I will discuss only four of my most important goals which include my aim to get into the soccer team this year, travel all of the 50 states of America, complete my college education in two years instead of three and to establish my own business company that I will expand to other countries. One of my passions is sports and so it would really be a good thing if I can become a part of the soccer team in school this year. Team sport does not simply help me physically but also mentally and socially. Therefore, I plan to stay fit and competitive in the field of soccer so I would be able to achieve this goal. I will exercise at least two hours a day, concentrating more on improving my agility and endurance because I believe these are important qualities for a soccer player. Of course it is also a part of my duty to have good grades so that I will not be disqualified due to academic incompetence. Thus, I need to concentrate also in my studies, submit all necessary requirements on time and read a lot. As I continue to exercise my brain and body, I will enlist in the soccer team and practice well with the team to ensure my entry. I plan not to miss any practices because I believe that every meeting is important and there are always new things or insights that I could learn from the coach and the other players. Since I have other goals in mind, I want to achieve this goal this year. As a student of Business Administration, my eyes are set on